Which process includes both voluntary and involuntary exits of employees?

Separation is the correct answer because it encompasses the complete process of employees leaving an organization, which can occur through both voluntary means—such as resignations or retirements—and involuntary means, such as layoffs or dismissals. This dual aspect of separation reflects the different circumstances under which employees may exit an organization, addressing both the employers’ and employees’ perspectives.

Recruitment specifically pertains to the process of attracting and selecting candidates for employment, while retention focuses on keeping existing employees by improving job satisfaction and reducing turnover. Training involves developing employees' skills and knowledge but does not relate to their departure from the organization. Therefore, separation is the only process that includes all forms of employee exits.